Eware-IoT 2024

International Workshop on Energy-Aware
Mobile IoT

November 19, 2024
Co-located with ACM IoT 2024 in Oulu, Finland

Schedule Location Keynote Presentations Topics Motivation Organisation Submission Chairs Committee

Schedule

Time Session Presentation
10:15 - 10:25 Opening Remark: Nishu Gupta
10:25 - 11:00 Keynote Speech: Jan S. Rellermeyer
11:00 - 12:00 Paper Presentations [Session 1 Chair: Erkki Harjula] 11:00 - 11:20 Distributed Home Automation with Home Assistant
Anders Peter Aavild, Aleksander Rosenkrantz de Lasson, Christian Moesgaard Andersen, Erik Christensen, Sergio Moreschini, David Hästbacka, Davide Taibi and Michele Albano

11:20 - 11:40 Identifying and Visualizing Key Scenarios in a Serverless Edge-Node System
Casper Bruun Christensen, Emily Treadwell Pedersen, Matthias Munch Jakobsen, Rasmus Louie Jensen, Sergio Moreschini, Junior Dongo, Davide Taibi and Michele Albano

11:40 - 12:00 Longitudinal Energy Efficiency of an IoT-enhanced Residential Building
Ella Peltonen, Marko Jurvansuu, Susanna Pirttikangas
12:00 - 13:30 Lunch Break
13:30 - 14:30 Paper Presentations [Session 2 Chair: Juho Markkula] 13:30 - 13:50 Evaluating the energy consumption savings at 450 MHz band for NB-IoT devices
Olli Apilo and Tapio Rautio

13:50 - 14:10 Balanced Space- and Time-based Duty-cycle Scheduling for Light-based IoT
Khojiakbar Botirov, Hazem Sallouha, Sofie Pollin and Marcos Katz

14:10 - 14:30 Deep Unfolding-Empowered Energy Efficiency Optimization in RIS-Assisted Wireless Communications
Pouya Mobaraki, Nhan T. Nguyen and Markku Juntti
14:30 - 15:00 Short Papers Pitch [Session 3 Chair: Nishu Gupta] 14:30 - 14:45 Resource Slicing through Intelligent Orchestration of Energy-aware IoT services in Edge-Cloud Continuum
Hafiz Faheem Shahid and Erkki Harjula

14:45 - 15:00 Energy Profiling and Analysis of 5G Private Networks: Evaluating Energy Consumption Patterns
Johirul Islam, Ijaz Ahmad, Shakthi Gimhana, Juho Markkula and Erkki Harjula
15:00 - 15:05 Closing

Location

The venue is located in Nordic Art Hotel Lasaretti at Nukuttaja-Näyhä's cabinet.

Keynote

Towards Designing Systems for Efficiency

While demanding data-intensive applications are increasingly becoming more power-hungry, the natural limitations of how much energy we are willing and able to spend on such applications is a strong motivation to strive for more energy-efficient system designs. However, the current and upcoming broader trends in computer hardware make this a difficult endevor that pushes the the limits of traditional system software and available tooling alike and demands more research and development in this area. In this talk, I will showcase this based on a past system that embraced heterogeneity for increasing energy-efficiency as well as a current research project that aims at exploiting the unique capabilities and energy-efficiency of edge devices for AI inference.

Prof. Dr. Jan S. Rellermeyer

  • Leiter Fachgebiet Verlässliche und Skalierbare Softwaresysteme (VSS)
  • Institut für Systems Engineering
  • Leibniz Universität Hannover

Jan S. Rellermeyer graduated from the Systems Group at ETH in 2011 under the supervision of Gustavo Alonso and Timothy Roscoe. Afterwards, he worked for IBM Research in Austin, TX as a research scientist for several years and served as an adjunct member of the faculty at The University of Texas at Austin. In 2017, he returned full-time to academia by joining TU Delft as an Assistant Professor in Distributed Systems. Since 2022, Jan is now Full Professor and Chair for Scalable and Dependable Software Systems at Leibniz University Hannover. He has contributed to different open-source projects under the Apache and Eclipse Foundation and was project lead of the Eclipse Concierge project. Furthermore, he was active in standardization bodies like the OSGi Alliance in which he held the position of an invited researcher from 2008-2011. Together with his co-authors, Jan received Test of Time Awards of the 2017 ACM/IFIP International Middleware Conference for just work on the R-OSGi middleware and of the 2022 IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN) for his work on studying and mitigating robustness issues in the Android inter-component communication system.

Paper Presentations

Session 1

Distributed Home Automation with Home Assistant

Anders Peter Aavild, Aleksander Rosenkrantz de Lasson, Christian Moesgaard Andersen, Erik Christensen, Sergio Moreschini, David Hästbacka, Davide Taibi and Michele Albano

In this paper, we examine implementing distributed home automation platforms, with Home Assistant serving as a case study. Home Assistant is an open-source platform that enables users to control and automate various aspects of their homes. The paper addresses the platform's limitations due to hardware constraints, which can cause performance bottlenecks when many tasks are running at once, and with a focus on especially intensive tasks. Implementing a distributed architecture facilitates computational loads across multiple devices which improves Home Assistant's capabilities. Key aspects include establishing a distributed network, configuring communication protocols, and developing data handling and processing methods. This approach involves working with both existing and custom-developed components and tools. The achieved results affirm the potential of a more distributed system in enhancing the performance of Home Assistant, offering a more scalable and capable solution for managing and automating various home functions.

Identifying and Visualizing Key Scenarios in a Serverless Edge-Node System

Casper Bruun Christensen, Emily Treadwell Pedersen, Matthias Munch Jakobsen, Rasmus Louie Jensen, Sergio Moreschini, Junior Dongo, Davide Taibi and Michele Albano

The growing use of IoT and edge computing has highlighted the need for more efficient monitoring and visualization. These distributed systems have significant potential for lightweight, realtime monitoring, but face critical challenges, including inconsistent logging and performance tracking. Addressing these gaps is essential to optimize energy use and improve system performance in IoT-driven infrastructures. The objective of this paper is to present a solution in the form of an intelligent monitoring framework that is capable of recognizing and visualizing key operational scenarios in serverless edge devices within a clustered environment. By leveraging system logs and performance metrics, our approach provides a smart dashboard that aggregates, analyzes, and visualizes data in real-time, offering insights into system behavior. Our implementation demonstrates the ability to detect various scenarios using a Kubernetes-based cluster management system and data collection from Loki and Prometheus, along with visualization from Grafana. These capabilities include normal operation, overload, error handling, and load balancing scenarios.

Longitudinal Energy Efficiency of an IoT-enhanced Residential Building

Ella Peltonen, Marko Jurvansuu, Susanna Pirttikangas

Energy management of homes has become an ever-burning question of saving both in monetary costs and fighting climate change. However, energy management studies on smart homes still lack longitudinal real-world data with different seasonal variations and real people living in the buildings. This paper presents a low-price, consumer-market IoT sensor installation to capture residential buildings' energy efficiency. We present a longitudinal study focusing on the energy efficiency modelling of a building and its energy consumption. We provide our sensing solution's validation with the district heating system as the main heating source. Our results highlight that IoT sensor readings can be further utilised to evaluate a standardised, European Union-wide energy certificate.

Session 2

Evaluating the energy consumption savings at 450 MHz band for NB-IoT devices

Olli Apilo and Tapio Rautio

In this paper, we empirically evaluate the energy consumption of Narrow-Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) devices at emerging 450 MHz band targeted especially for critical communications. The evaluation was done at VTT's private 5G and LoRaWAN networks by measuring the energy consumption of commercial NB-IoT and LoRa modules. Based on the results, operating at frequency band B31 (450 MHz) provides 4 to 11 dB gain in outdoor-to-indoor link budgets when compared to band B28 (700 MHz). This not only enables larger cells but also longer battery lifetime for cell edge devices which do not have to rely on coverage enhancement (CE) mechanisms so often. According to our measurements, B28 devices consumed 70% more energy at the cell edge than B31 devices. These are among the first published results from live NB-IoT B31 networks showing the energy saving potential from operating at the lowest standardized frequencies. In addition, the paper reviews the factors affecting the communications energy consumption for remote metering and provide valuable recommendations for practical implementation.

Balanced Space- and Time-based Duty-cycle Scheduling for Light-based IoT

Khojiakbar Botirov, Hazem Sallouha, Sofie Pollin and Marcos Katz

In this work, we propose a Multiple Access Control (MAC) protocol for Light-based IoT (LIoT) networks, where the gateway node orchestrates and schedules batteryless nodes' duty-cycles based on their location and sleep time. The LIoT concept represents a sustainable solution for massive indoor IoT applications, offering an alternative communication medium through Visible Light Communication (VLC). While most existing scheduling algorithms for intermittent batteryless IoT aim to maximize data collection and enhance dataset size, our solution is tailored for environmental sensing applications, such as temperature, humidity, and air quality monitoring, optimizing measurement distribution and minimizing blind spots to achieve comprehensive and uniform environmental sensing. We propose a Balanced Space and Time-based Time Division Multiple Access scheduling (BST-TDMA) algorithm, which addresses environmental sensing challenges by balancing spatial and temporal factors to improve the environmental sensing efficiency of batteryless LIoT nodes. Our measurement-based results show that BST-TDMA was able to efficiently schedule duty-cycles with given intervals.

Deep Unfolding-Empowered Energy Efficiency Optimization in RIS-Assisted Wireless Communications

Pouya Mobaraki, Nhan T. Nguyen and Markku Juntti

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) have emerged as a promising technology for future wireless communications, with energy efficiency (EE) becoming a critical optimization goal in RIS-assisted systems. However, the current methods for EE optimization are often complex and have a slow convergence. In this paper, we tackle this challenge by formulating an EE optimization problem based on a realistic ON/OFF power consumption model for a RIS. The problem is non-convex and mixed-integer, making it computationally complex. Therefore, we relax it by considering continuous RIS phase shifts and propose a deep unfolding architecture using the gradient descent (GD) method for optimization. Our approach significantly reduces the number of iterations required for convergence compared to the conventional GD method, while maintaining interpretability and explainability. Numerical results demonstrate that our method achieves five times fewer iterations than conventional approaches, with comparably or improved energy efficiency.

Session 3

Resource Slicing through Intelligent Orchestration of Energy-aware IoT services in Edge-Cloud Continuum

Hafiz Faheem Shahid and Erkki Harjula

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) applications inflicts high requirements for computing resources and network bandwidth. A growing number of service providers are applying edge-cloud computing to improve the quality of their services. Deploying IoT applications to optimal computing nodes to minimize energy consumption and enhance system performance remains an open challenge. In this paper, we present an intelligent orchestration concept for breaking down IoT applications into granular microservices, called nanoservices, and deploying them in an energy-aware manner to optimal computing nodes in the edge-cloud continuum by applying resource and network slicing methods. With this consolidated slicing scheme, we can efficiently allocate network and compute resources to meet the needs of these nanoservices.

Energy Profiling and Analysis of 5G Private Networks: Evaluating Energy Consumption Patterns

Johirul Islam, Ijaz Ahmad, Shakthi Gimhana, Juho Markkula and Erkki Harjula

Private 5G networks provide enhanced security, a wide range of optimized services through network slicing, reduced latency, and support for many IoT devices in a specific area, all under the owner's full control. Higher security and privacy to protect sensitive data is the most significant advantage of private networks, in e.g., smart hospitals. For long-term sustainability and cost-effectiveness of private 5G networks, analyzing and understanding the energy consumption variation holds a greater significance in reaching toward green private network architecture for 6G. This paper addresses this research gap by providing energy profiling of network components using an experimental laboratory setup that mimics real private 5G networks under various network conditions, which is a missing aspect in the existing literature.

Topics of interest

We seek original completed and unpublished work not currently under review by any other journal/ magazine/conference. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

  • AI/ML algorithms for energy optimization
  • Architecture design and general approach of energy aware Internet of Things
  • Business enablers and motivations for energy savings in the E2E communication path
  • Business potential of energy awareness in IoT
  • Communication protocol and network technology of Energy-Aware IoT
  • Computation offloading in IoT
  • Energy-Aware IoT security and privacy protection technology
  • Edge-cloud continuum
  • Effect of secure transport protocols for mMTC
  • Efficient use of edge processing
  • End-to-end data communication
  • Energy efficiency directives and regulations
  • Energy efficiency of end user devices
  • Energy efficiency of mobile based Applications
  • Energy harvesting zero power communications for mMTC
  • Energy production and storage
  • Energy-Aware service architectures and orchestration
  • Energy-weather forecasting modeling system
  • Interference avoidance in IoT
  • Low power wide area networks (LPWAN)
  • Massive machine-type communications (mMTC)
  • ML approach and suitable algorithms for the electricity cost/CO2 minimization
  • Mobile radio access networks, applications and devices
  • New opportunities and possible new business actors for Energy-Aware IoT
  • RAN and edge energy consumption
  • Renewable energy sources in mobile communication
  • Resource management and optimization strategies for Energy-Aware IoT
  • Simulation platforms for Energy-Aware IoT
  • Standardization and normalization of Energy-Aware IoT
  • Sufficiency of business-oriented development to guarantee energy awareness in IoT
  • Typical application scenarios and case studies of Energy-Aware IoT

Motivation

The workshop on Energy-Aware IoT based on Mobile Networks (Eware-IoT) aims to provide a forum for sharing ideas and explore the latest advances in the areas contributing towards the optimization of IoT applications and devices from energy awareness perspective (consumption production and storage) in wireless 5G/6G systems; and Integration and application of Energy-Aware IoT with MEC, ML, big data, AI, DRL and other technologies.

This workshop is aimed at researchers, industry professionals, regulators, policy makers and students passionate about the convergence of Energy usage in Mobile Radio Access Networks using the Machine Learning, the Internet of Things and energy aware data analysis. We encourage participation from those looking to explore collaboration opportunities and help shape a connected, energy-driven future. All unpublished, original papers addressing all aspects related to the development and adoption of the Energy-Aware Internet of Things are invited.

Organisation

In the proposed one-day workshop, we expect around 30 people, but attendance will not be restricted. The planned schedule of the workshop will start with a keynote presentation, followed by the presentation of full papers and short papers in multiple sessions. Interactive activities during the Workshop will focus on sharing, ideas, and concerns surrounding the optimization of IoT applications and devices from energy awareness perspective in wireless 5G/6G systems in a moderated discussion to capture the diversity of interests and perspective of participants. A full outline of the workshop agenda is presented below.

Submission

Papers not exceeding 6 double-column pages, including figures must be submitted via EasyChair, written in English, and contain original material that has not been published or is currently undergoing review elsewhere.

Papers must use the new ACM article template (when using the overleaf ACM template, choose the sample-sigconf.tex file). Accepted full papers will be presented during the workshop in 15 min presentation + 5 min Q&A style. Short papers (up to 2 pages) are encouraged to report novel and creative ideas that are yet to produce concrete research results but are at a stage where community feedback would be useful. Accepted short papers will be presented at the workshop as Five-slide pitches in 10 min presentations + 5 min Q&A.

Papers will be peer-reviewed by at least two experts following a double-blind review process (therefore, the submissions should be anonymized). The reviewers will evaluate the novelty and originality of the research, assess the degree of innovation in addressing challenges or presenting new concepts, determine the significance of the research contribution to the broader field and analyse the potential impact on advancing knowledge or practical applications.

Based on the review comments a decision would be made and conveyed to the contributors. Accepted papers will be invited to the workshop and will be included in the ACM Digital Library and supplemental proceedings of the conference. All papers will be digitally available through the workshop website. At least one author of an accepted submission must attend the workshop. Organizers will document the outcomes of the workshop and make this information available to all participants through a shared cloud folder.

Important Dates

  • Deadline for Workshop Paper Submission: 7th October 2024 (Final deadline)
  • Notification of Decision: 14th October 2024 (Rolling)
  • Workshop Camera-Ready Paper Submission Deadline: 18th October 2024

All attending authors must have a full registration at the conference, and the workshop authors are eligible for the early-bird registration rates.

Submission link: here

Workshop Chairs

Erkki Harjula

  • Assistant Professor (Tenure track)
  • CWC-Networks and Systems
  • Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering
  • Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Linnanmaa, Oulu, Finland
  • erkki.harjula@oulu.fi
  • Homepage

Erkki Harjula (Member, IEEE) is a tenure-track assistant professor and a docent at the CWC-NS research unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ITEE), University of Oulu, Finland. He received a D.Sc. degree in 2016, and an M.Sc. degree in 2007 from University of Oulu. Currently he works with his research team on wireless system level architectures for future digital healthcare, focusing on intelligent trustworthy distributed computing and communication architectures. He has background in the interface between computer science and wireless communications, including continuum of cloud and edge computing, mobile and IoT networks, distributed networks and green computing. He has co-authored more than 100 international peer-reviewed articles. He is also an associate editor of Springer Wireless Networks journal.

Jukka Mäkelä

  • Research Team Leader, Principal Scientist, Project Manager
  • Future communication networks
  • VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd.
  • KV1, Kaitoväylä 1, FI-90590, Oulu, Finland.
  • jukka.makela@vtt.fi
  • Citations

Jukka Mäkelä leads a team focused on future communication networks at VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. Additionally, he oversees research infrastructure development projects at VTT. With extensive experience in various fields of advanced communication networks, including 5G/6G, network infrastructures, network management, and Internet of Things solutions, Dr. Mäkelä also has a strong background in leading prototyping and field trial activities. He holds an IPMA-C Certified Project Manager designation and has managed subprojects and tasks in several international collaborative projects, as well as national funded initiatives. His scientific contributions include over 50 published articles and presentations, spanning conference papers, book chapters, and journal papers related to his research and development work. Dr. Mäkelä also supervises PhD and diploma thesis workers at VTT. He received his Ph.D. degree in telecommunications from the University of Jyväskylä, Finland, in 2011, and his M.Sc. degree in 2003 from the same institution.

Nishu Gupta

  • Research Scientist
  • Future communication networks
  • VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd.,
  • KV1, Kaitoväylä 1, FI-90590, Oulu, Finland.
  • ext-nishu.gupta@vtt.fi
  • Homepage

Nishu Gupta is a Senior Member, IEEE. He is a Research Scientist in the Future Communication Networks research unit at the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, located in Oulu, Finland. He is the only Indian to be selected at VTT for the 2023 Fall call for the European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics (ERCIM) Postdoctoral Fellowship. Before this position, he was a postdoctoral research fellow in the Smart Wireless Systems research group, department of Electronic Systems, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering at Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) in Gjøvik, Norway. He received the Ph.D. degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj, India, in 2016. He has published 62 scientific papers till date. He is specialized in the field of computer communication and networking. He is the author and editor of several books and book chapters with reputed publishers. His major work is in IoT-based enhanced safety applications in vehicular communication. His research interests include Internet of Things, Intelligent transportation systems, V2X, Cellular IoT, 5G/6G verticals among other related topics.

Program Committee Members

  • Jarno Pinola, VTT, Finland
  • Mikko Uitto, VTT, Finland
  • Olli Apilo, VTT, Finland
  • Juho Markkula, University of Oulu, Finland
  • Marja Matinmikko-Blue, University of Oulu, Finland
  • Konstantin Mikhaylov, University of Oulu, Finland
  • Ramón Aqüero, University of Cantabria, Spain
  • Flavio Esposito, St. Louis University, USA
  • Srinivasa Kiran Gottapu, Benedict College, Columbia, USA
  • Arun Prakash, MNNIT Allahabad, India
  • Ayan Mondal, IIT Indore, India
  • Manuel J. Cabral S. Reis, UTAD University, Portugal
  • Mohammad Derawi, NTNU Gjøvik, Norway
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